InVisible



Invisibility is the state of an object that cannot be seen. An object in this state is said to be invisible (literally, 'not visible').

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The term is often used in fantasy/science fiction, where objects cannot be seen by magical or technological means; however, its effects can also be demonstrated in the real world, particularly in physics and perceptual psychology classes.

Since objects can be seen by light in the visible spectrum from a source reflecting off their surfaces and hitting the viewer's eye, the most natural form of invisibility (whether real or fictional) is an object that neither reflects nor absorbs light (that is, it allows light to pass through it). This is known as transparency, and is seen in many naturally occurring materials (although no naturally occurring material is 100% transparent).

Invisibility perception depends on several optical and visual factors.[1] For example, invisibility depends on the eyes of the observer and/or the instruments used. Thus an object can be classified as 'invisible to' a person, animal, instrument, etc. In research on sensorial perception it has been shown that invisibility is perceived in cycles.[2]

Invisibility is often considered to be the supreme form of camouflage, as it does not reveal to the viewer any kind of vital signs, visual effects, or any frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum detectable to the human eye, instead making use of radio, infrared or ultraviolet wavelengths.

In illusion optics, invisibility is a special case of illusion effects: the illusion of free space.

Practical efforts[edit]

Technology can be used theoretically or practically to render real-world objects invisible:

  • Making use of a real-time image displayed on a wearable display, it is possible to create a see-through effect. This is known as active camouflage.
  • Though stealth technology is declared to be invisible to radar, all officially disclosed applications of the technology can only reduce the size and/or clarity of the signature detected by radar.
  • In 2003 the Chilean scientist Gunther Uhlmann postulates the first mathematical equations to create invisible materials.[3][better source needed]
  • 2006: A team effort of researchers from Britain and the US announced the development of a real cloak of invisibility, though it is only in its first stages.[4]
  • In filmmaking, people, objects, or backgrounds can be made to look invisible on camera through a process known as chroma keying.
  • An artificially made meta material that is invisible to the microwave spectrum.

Engineers and scientists have performed various kinds of research to investigate the possibility of finding ways to create real optical invisibility (cloaks) for objects. Methods are typically based on implementing the theoretical techniques of transformation optics, which have given rise to several theories of cloaking.

Currently, a practical cloaking device does not exist.[5][6] A 2006 theoretical work predicts that the imperfections are minor, and metamaterials may make real-life 'cloaking devices' practical.[7][8] The technique is predicted to be applied to radio waves within five years, and the distortion of visible light is an eventual possibility. The theory that light waves can be acted upon the same way as radio waves is now a popular idea among scientists. The agent can be compared to a stone in a river, around which water passes, but slightly down-stream leaves no trace of the stone. Comparing light waves to the water, and whatever object that is being 'cloaked' to the stone, the goal is to have light waves pass around that object, leaving no visible aspects of it, possibly not even a shadow.[9] This is the technique depicted in the 2000 television portrayal of The Invisible Man.

Two teams of scientists worked separately to create two 'Invisibility Cloaks' from 'metamaterials' engineered at the nanoscale level. They demonstrated for the first time the possibility of cloaking three-dimensional (3-D) objects with artificially engineered materials that redirect radar, light or other waves around an object. While one uses a type of fishnet of metal layers to reverse the direction of light, the other uses tiny silver wires. Xiang Zhang, of the University of California, Berkeley said: 'In the case of invisibility cloaks or shields, the material would need to curve light waves completely around the object like a river flowing around a rock. An observer looking at the cloaked object would then see light from behind it, making it seem to disappear.'

UC Berkeley researcher Jason Valentine's team made a material that affects light near the visible spectrum, in a region used in fibre optics: 'Instead of the fish appearing to be slightly ahead of where it is in the water, it would actually appear to be above the water's surface. It's kind of weird. For a metamaterial to produce negative refraction, it must have a structural array smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation being used.' Valentine's team created their 'fishnet' material by stacking silver and metal dielectric layers on top of each other and then punching holes through them. The other team used an oxide template and grew silver nanowires inside porous aluminum oxide at tiny distances apart, smaller than the wavelength of visible light. This material refracts visible light.

The Imperial College London research team achieved results with microwaves. An invisibility cloak layout of a copper cylinder was produced in May, 2008, by physicist Professor Sir John Pendry. Scientists working with him at Duke University in the US put the idea into practice.[10][11]

Pendry, who theorized the invisibility cloak 'as a joke' to illustrate the potential of metamaterials, said in an interview in August 2011 that grand, theatrical manifestations of his idea are probably overblown: 'I think it’s pretty sure that any cloak that Harry Potter would recognize is not on the table. You could dream up some theory, but the very practicality of making it would be so impossible. But can you hide things from light? Yes. Can you hide things which are a few centimeters across? Yes. Is the cloak really flexible and flappy? No. Will it ever be? No. So you can do quite a lot of things, but there are limitations. There are going to be some disappointed kids around, but there might be a few people in industry who are very grateful for it.'[12]

In Turkey in 2009, Bilkent University Search Center Of Nanotechnology researches explained and published in New Journal of Physics that they achieved to make invisibility real in practice using nanotechnology making an object invisible with no shadows etc. next to perfect transparent scene by producing nanotechnologic material that can also be produced like a suit anyone can wear.

In 2019, Hyperstealth Biotechnology has patented the technology behind a material that bends light to make people and objects near invisible to the naked eye. The material, called Quantum Stealth, is currently still in the prototyping stage, but was developed by the company's CEO Guy Cramer primarily for military purposes, to conceal agents and equipment such as tanks and jets in the field. Unlike traditional camouflage materials, which are limited to specific conditions such as forests or deserts, according to Cramer this 'invisibility cloak' works in any environment or season, at any time of day.[13]

In 2020, a physical phenomenon (related to the electronic resonance of laser processed materials) that allows the direct fabrication of invisible structures was discovered.[14] Using the new technology, researchers from Laval University, Canada, have fabricated invisible photonic circuits. They discovered that the structure of a material can be modified to be usable for frequencies operating photonic devices and sensors, for example, while the structural modification becomes invisible for frequencies detectable by the eye. More precisely, they found that the positive refractive index (RI) change induced by the electronic resonance variation can exactly compensate the negative RI change induced by a structural expansion (both caused by the laser-induced modification), resulting in a zero RI change for certain colors, enabling invisibility.[15]

Psychological[edit]

A person can be described as invisible if others refuse to see him or routinely overlook him. The term was used in this manner in the title of the book Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, in reference to the protagonist, likely modeled after the author, being overlooked on account of his status as an African American. This is supported by the quote taken from the Prologue, 'I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me.' (Prologue.1)[16]

Fictional use[edit]

Alberich puts on the Tarnhelm and vanishes; illustration by Arthur Rackham to Richard Wagner's Das Rheingold

In fiction, people or objects can be rendered completely invisible by several means:

Invisible Text

Invisible handInVisible
  • Magical objects such as rings, cloaks and amulets can be worn to grant the wearer permanent invisibility (or temporary invisibility until the object is taken off).
  • Magical potions can be consumed to grant temporary or permanent invisibility.
  • Magic spells can be cast on people or objects, usually giving temporary invisibility.
  • Some mythical creatures can make themselves invisible at will, such as in some tales in which leprechauns or Chinese dragons can shrink so much that humans cannot see them.
  • In science fiction, the idea of a 'cloaking device'.

In some works, the power of magic creates an effective means of invisibility by distracting anyone who might notice the character. But since the character is not truly invisible, the effect could be betrayed by mirrors or other reflective surfaces.

Where magical invisibility is concerned, the issue may arise of whether the clothing worn by and any items carried by the invisible being are also rendered invisible. In general they are also regarded as being invisible, but in some instances clothing remains visible and must be removed for the full invisibility effect.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Moreno, Ivan; Jauregui-Sánchez, Y.; Avendaño-Alejo, Maximino (2014). 'Invisibility assessment: a visual perception approach'(PDF). Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 31 (10): 2244–2248. Bibcode:2014JOSAA..31.2244M. doi:10.1364/josaa.31.002244. PMID25401251. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  2. ^Craig, Eugene A.; Lichtenstein, M. (1953). 'Visibility-Invisibility Cycles as a Function of Stimulus-Orientation'. The American Journal of Psychology. 66 (4): 554–563. doi:10.2307/1418951. JSTOR1418951. PMID13124563.
  3. ^Alonso, N. (March 21, 2013). 'Un genio invisible' [An invisible genius]. Qué Pasa (in Spanish).
  4. ^'Cloak of invisibility: Fact or fiction?'. NBC News.
  5. ^Nachman, Adrian I. (November 1988). 'Reconstructions From Boundary Measurements'. Annals of Mathematics. 128 (3): 531–576. doi:10.2307/1971435. JSTOR1971435.
  6. ^Wolf, Emil; Tarek Habashy (May 1993). 'Invisible Bodies and Uniqueness of the Inverse Scattering Problem'. Journal of Modern Optics. 40 (5): 785–792. Bibcode:1993JMOp...40..785W. doi:10.1080/09500349314550821.
  7. ^Pendry, J. B.; D. Schurig; D. R. Smith (June 2006). 'Controlling Electromagnetic Fields'. Science. 312 (5781): 1780–1782. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1780P. doi:10.1126/science.1125907. PMID16728597. S2CID7967675.
  8. ^Leonhardt, Ulf (June 2006). 'Optical Conformal Mapping'. Science. 312 (5781): 1777–1780. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1777L. doi:10.1126/science.1126493. PMID16728596. S2CID8334444.
  9. ^Cho, Adrian (2006-05-26). 'High-Tech Materials Could Render Objects Invisible'. Science. p. 1120. Retrieved 2006-08-01.
  10. ^'Scientists Turn Fiction Into Reality, Closer to Make Objects 'Invisible''. themoneytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-16.
  11. ^'Secrets of invisibility discovered'. mirror.co.uk.
  12. ^John Pendry (18 October 2011). 'video: The birth and promise of metamaterials'. SPIE. doi:10.1117/2.3201110.02.
  13. ^'Hyperstealth Biotechnology's 'invisibility cloak' can conceal people and buildings'. Dezeen. 2019-11-07. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  14. ^Lapointe, Jerome; Bérubé, Jean-Philippe; Ledemi, Yannick; Dupont, Albert; Fortin, Vincent; Messaddeq, Younes; Vallée, Réal (2020). 'Nonlinear increase, invisibility, and sign inversion of a localized fs-laser-induced refractive index change in crystals and glasses'. Light: Science & Applications. 9 (1): 64. Bibcode:2020LSA.....9...64L. doi:10.1038/s41377-020-0298-8. PMC7171118. PMID32351688. S2CID216642364.|access-date= requires |url= (help)
  15. ^https://phys.org/news/2020-05-invisibility-concept-miniaturization-photonic-circuits.html
  16. ^Ellison, Ralph (1947). Invisible man. New York: Modern Library/Random House. ISBN9780679601395.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Invisibility.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Invisibility
  • Invisibility in the real world Interesting picture of a test tube's bottom half invisible in cooking oil.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invisibility&oldid=1018476386'

Also found in: Thesaurus, Financial, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to invisible: invisible hand

in·vis·i·ble

(ĭn-vĭz′ə-bəl)adj.
1. Impossible to see; not visible: Air is invisible.
2. Not accessible to view; hidden: mountain peaks invisible in the fog.
3. Not easily noticed or detected; inconspicuous: 'The poor are politically invisible'(Michael Harrington).
4. Not published in financial statements: an invisible asset.
n.
in·vis′i·bil′i·ty, in·vis′i·ble·ness n.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

invisible

(ɪnˈvɪzəbəl) adj
1. not visible; not able to be perceived by the eye: invisible rays.
3. not easily seen or noticed: invisible mending.
4. kept hidden from public view; secret; clandestine
5. (Economics) economics of or relating to services rather than goods in relation to the invisible balance: invisible earnings.
n
(Economics) economics an invisible item of trade; service
inˈvisiblyadv
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

in•vis•i•ble

(ɪnˈvɪz ə bəl)
adj.
2. out of sight; hidden: an invisible seam.
3. not perceptible or discernible by the mind: invisible differences.
4. not ordinarily found in financial statements or reflected in statistics or a listing: Goodwill is an invisible asset to a business.
Invisible charactern.
6. an invisible thing or being.
in•vis`i•bil′i•ty, in•vis′i•ble•ness,n.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.
Adj.1.invisible - impossible or nearly impossible to see; imperceptible by the eye; 'the invisible man'; 'invisible rays'; 'an invisible hinge'; 'invisible mending'
covert - secret or hidden; not openly practiced or engaged in or shown or avowed; 'covert actions by the CIA'; 'covert funding for the rebels'
imperceptible, unperceivable - impossible or difficult to perceive by the mind or senses; 'an imperceptible drop in temperature'; 'an imperceptible nod'; 'color is unperceivable to the touch'
seeable, visible - capable of being seen; or open to easy view; 'a visible object'; 'visible stars'; 'mountains visible in the distance'; 'a visible change of expression'; 'visible files'
2.invisible - not prominent or readily noticeable; 'he pushed the string through an inconspicuous hole'; 'the invisible man'
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.

invisible

adjective
1.unseen, imperceptible, indiscernible, unseeable, unperceivableThe lines were so fine as to be nearly invisible.
unseenseen, obvious, visible, distinct, discernible, perceptible

Invisible Hand

2.hidden, concealed, obscured, secret, disguised, inconspicuous, unobserved, unnoticeable, inappreciableThe problems of the poor are largely invisible.
Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

invisible

adjectiveIncapable of being apprehended by the mind or the senses:
impalpable, imperceptible, imponderable, inappreciable, indiscernible, indistinguishable, insensible, intangible, unnoticeable, unobservable.
The American Heritage® Roget's Thesaurus. Copyright © 2013, 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
невидим
usynlig
láthatatlan
보이지 않는
neredzams
neviditeľný
osynlig
görülmezgörünmez

invisible

[ɪnˈvɪzəbl]
B.invisiblesNPL (Comm) → ingresosmplinvisibles
C.CPDinvisible assetsNPLactivomsinginvisible
invisible earningsNPLingresosmplinvisibles
invisible exportsNPLexportacionesfplinvisibles
invisible importsNPLimportacionesfplinvisibles
invisible inkNtintafsimpática
invisible mendingNzurcidominvisible
Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005

invisible

[ɪnˈvɪzɪbəl]adj
(= impossible to see) → invisible
invisible to the naked eye → invisible à l'œil nu
microscopic hairs, invisible to the naked eye → des poilsmicroscopiques, invisibles à l'œil nu
(= ignored) [problem] → escamoté(e)
The problems of the poor are largely invisible → Les problèmes des pauvres sont le plus souventescamotés.
to feel invisible →
[export, surplus] → invisibleinvisible assets npl(British)actifmincorporelinvisible earnings nplrevenusmplinvisiblesinvisible ink nencrefsympathiqueinvisible mending nstoppagem
Collins English/French Electronic Resource. © HarperCollins Publishers 2005

invisible

adjunsichtbar; to feel invisiblesich(dat) → ; invisible threadNylonfadenm; invisible to the naked eyemit dem bloßenAugenicht erkennbar

invisible

:
invisible earnings
invisible exports
invisible ink
invisible mending
Collins German Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 7th Edition 2005. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1980 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2007
Collins Italian Dictionary 1st Edition © HarperCollins Publishers 1995

invisible

(inˈvizəbl) adjective
not able to be seen. Only in stories can people make themselves invisible. onsigbaar لا يُرى، غَيْر منْظور невидим invisível neviditelný unsichtbar usynlig αόρατοςinvisible nähtamatu نامرئی näkymätön invisible בִּלתִי נִראֶה अदृश्य, अप्रकट nevidljiv láthatatlan tidak kelihatan ósÿnilegur invisibile 目に見えない 눈에 보이지 않는 nematomas neredzams halimunan onzichtbaarusynligniewidoczny نا څرګند، نه ليدل كيدونكى invisível in­vizibil невидимый neviditeľný neviden nevidljiv osynlig ซึ่งมองไม่เห็น görülmez 看不見的 невидимий, непомітний آنکھوں سے نظر نہ آنے والا vô hình 看不见的
inˈvisibly adverb
onsigbaar بصورَة غير مرئِيَّه невидимо invisivelmente neviditelně unsichtbar usynligt αόρατα invisiblemente nähtamatult بطور نامرئی näkymättömästi invisiblement בְּלי לְהֵרָאוֹת अदृश्य रूप से nevidljivo láthatatlanul secara tak kelihatan ósÿnilega invisibilmente 目に見えないで 안보이게 nematomai neredzami dengan tidak dapat dilihat onzichtbaarusynlig niewidocznie په نا څرګنده ډول invisivelmente invizibil, pe nevăzute невидимо neviditeľne nevidno nevidljivo osynligt เล็กจนมองไม่เห็น görülmez bir şekilde 看不見地 невидимо, непомітно غیر مرئی انداز میں một cách vô hình 看不见地
inˌvisiˈbility noun
onsigbaarheid عَدَم رُؤْيَه، إنْعِدام الرؤيَه невидимост invisibilidade neviditelnost die Unsichtbarkeit usynlighed η ιδιότητα του να είναι κπ. αόρατος invisibilidad nähtamatus نا آشکاری näkymättömyys invisibilité בִּלתִי נִראֶה अदृश्यता nevidljivost láthatatlanság keadaan tak kelihatan ósÿnileiki invisibilità 見えないこと 눈에 보이지 않음 nematomumas neredzamība keadaan tidak dapat dilihat onzichtbaarheidusynlighet niewidzialność, brak widoczności نا څرګندتيا invisibilidade invizibilitate невидимость neviditeľnosť nevidnost nevidljivost osynlighet การไม่สามารถมองเห็นได้ görülmezlik 無形 невидимість, непомітність غیر مرئیت tính vô hình 无形
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd.

invisible

خَفِيٌّ neviditelný usynligunsichtbarαόρατοςinvisible näkymätöninvisible nevidljivinvisibile 目に見えない 보이지 않는

Invisible Space Copy And Paste

onzichtbaarusynligniewidzialnyinvisívelневидимый osynlig มองไม่เห็นgörünmez vô hình无形的
Multilingual Translator © HarperCollins Publishers 2009

invisible

English-Spanish Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
English-Spanish/Spanish-English Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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